Volvariella

Volvariella
	V. bombycina
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Pluteaceae
Genus:	Volvariella; Speg. (1898)
Type species
	Volvariella argentina; Speg. (1898)

Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with deep salmon pink gills and spore prints.

Description

They lack a ring, and have an Amanita-like volva at the stem base. Some species of Amanita look similar, but Amanita has white spores and often have a ring. Since the gills of young Volvariella are white at first, they are more easily mistaken for Amanita. The genus is estimated to contain about 50 species.^[1]

Species

Many sources list Volvariella as a member of the Pluteaceae family, but recent DNA studies have revealed that Pluteus and Volvariella evolved separately and have very different DNA. These studies show that Volvariella is very closely related to "schizophylloid" mushrooms like Schizophyllum commune.^[2]

Some species of Volvariella are popular edibles in Europe, accounting for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Cultivation and edibility

Volvariella volvacea, well known as the "paddy straw mushroom", is cultured in rice straw in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. This species also favors wood chip piles. Unfortunately, it is easy to mistake the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), as well as some other Amanita species, for this edible species due to similarities in appearance. This mistake is the leading cause of lethal mushroom poisoning in the United States. Volvariella and Amanita cannot be distinguished in the early "button stage", that, for many, is considered the best stage to collect Volvariella for consumption. Like Amanita, the paddy straw mushroom has a volva, or universal veil, so called because it is a membrane that encapsulates the entire mushroom when it is young. This structure breaks apart as the mushroom expands, leaving parts that can be found at the base of the stalk as a cup-like structure.

List of species

Image	Scientific name	Distribution
	Volvariella bombycina	Iran, China, India, Korea, and Pakistan
	Volvariella caesiotincta	Europe
	Volvariella gloiocephala	Australia
	Volvariella hypopithys
	Volvariella indica	India^[3]
	Volvariella iranica	Iran^[4]^[5]
	Volvariella jamaicensis
	Volvariella lepiotospora
	Volvariella leucocalix	Brazil^[6]
	Volvariella media	Asia and Europe
	Volvariella peckii
	Volvariella pusilla	Asia and Europe, North America, Africa and Australia
	Volvariella sathei	India^[7]
	Volvariella surrecta	North America north of Mexico, Northern Africa, Europe, New Zealand, and Asia
	Volvariella variicystidiosa	Pakistan^[8]
	Volvariella volvacea	East and Southeast Asia

References

Key to the genus Volvariella [1]

^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Moncalvo JM, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..357M. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
^ Kaur NJ, Saini MK, Kaur H (2013). "Two new species of agarics from India". Mycosphere. 4 (5): 856–863. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4/5/1.
^ Fallahyan F. (1973). "Une nouvelle espèce de Volvaire: Volvaria iranica Fall. " (jpg). Revue de Mycologie (in French). 37 (5): 263.
^ Szczepka MZ, Sokól S (2000). "Systematyka i biologia Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing". Acta Biologica Silesiana (in Polish). 35 (52): 208–60 (see p. 210).
^ Sá, Mca (2016). "Volvariella leucocalix (Pluteaceae), a new species from Brazilian semiarid region" (PDF). Mycosphere. 7 (1): 30–35. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/7/1/3.
^ Senthilarasu G, Sharma R, Singh SK (2012). "A new species of Volvariella from India". Mycotaxon. 119: 467–76. doi:10.5248/119.467.
^ Haqnawaz, M., Khan, Z., Niazi, A. R., & Khalid, A. N. (2023). Volvariella variicystidiosa sp. nov. (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) from Punjab, Pakistan. Phytotaxa, 578(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.2.5

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[Kirk2008-1] Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 727. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.

[2] Moncalvo JM, et al. (2002). "One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (3): 357–400. Bibcode:2002MolPE..23..357M. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1. PMID 12099793. Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2007-01-11.

[Kaur_2013-3] Kaur NJ, Saini MK, Kaur H (2013). "Two new species of agarics from India". Mycosphere. 4 (5): 856–863. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/4/5/1.

[fallahyan-4] Fallahyan F. (1973). "Une nouvelle espèce de Volvaire: Volvaria iranica Fall. " (jpg). Revue de Mycologie (in French). 37 (5): 263.

[Szczepka_2000-5] Szczepka MZ, Sokól S (2000). "Systematyka i biologia Volvariella bombycina (Schaeff.: Fr.) Sing". Acta Biologica Silesiana (in Polish). 35 (52): 208–60 (see p. 210).

[Sá-6] Sá, Mca (2016). "Volvariella leucocalix (Pluteaceae), a new species from Brazilian semiarid region" (PDF). Mycosphere. 7 (1): 30–35. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/7/1/3.

[Senthilarasu_2012-7] Senthilarasu G, Sharma R, Singh SK (2012). "A new species of Volvariella from India". Mycotaxon. 119: 467–76. doi:10.5248/119.467.

[8] Haqnawaz, M., Khan, Z., Niazi, A. R., & Khalid, A. N. (2023). Volvariella variicystidiosa sp. nov. (Agaricaceae, Basidiomycota) from Punjab, Pakistan. Phytotaxa, 578(2), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.578.2.5

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