Stratocumulus cloud

Stratocumulus clouds
Stratocumulus clouds
	Aerial photograph of Stratocumulus perlucidus clouds over the midwestern United States
Abbreviation	Sc
Symbol
Genus	Stratocumulus (layer heap)
Species	Castellanus; Floccus; Lenticularis; Stratiformis; Volutus;
Variety	Duplicatus; Lacunosus; Opacus; Perlucidus; Radiatus; Translucidus; Undulatus;
Altitude	500-2,000 m; (2,000-7,000 ft)
Classification	Family C (Low-level)
Appearance	Thicker, dark gray, and somewhat conjoined heaps of clouds.
Precipitation	Uncommon Rain, Snow or Snow pellets

A stratocumulus cloud, occasionally called a cumulostratus, belongs to a genus-type of clouds characterized by large dark, rounded masses, usually in groups, lines, or waves, the individual elements being larger than those in altocumulus, and the whole being at a lower height, usually below 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).^[1]^[2] Weak convective currents create shallow cloud layers (see also: sea of clouds) because of drier, stable air above preventing continued vertical development. Historically, in English, this type of cloud has been referred to as a twain cloud for being a combination of two types of clouds.

Description

Stratocumulus clouds are rounded clumps or patches of white to dark gray clouds that normally form in groups. The individual cloud elements, which cover more than 5 degrees of arc each, can connect with each other and are sometimes arranged in a regular pattern.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Occurrence

Vast areas of subtropical and polar oceans are covered with massive sheets of stratocumulus. These may organize into distinctive patterns which are currently under active study. In subtropics, they cover the edges of the horse latitude climatological highs, and reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed in the ocean. When these drift over land the summer heat or winter cold is reduced. 'Dull weather' is a common expression incorporated with overcast stratocumulus days, which usually occur either in a warm sector between a warm and cold front in a depression, or in an area of high pressure, in the latter case, sometimes persisting over a specific area for several days. If the air over land is moist and hot enough, stratocumulus may develop to various cumulus clouds, or, more commonly, the sheet of stratocumulus may become thick enough to produce some light rain. On drier areas they quickly dissipate over land, resembling cumulus humilis. This often occurs in late morning in areas under anticyclonic weather, the stratocumulus breaking up under the sun's heat and often reforming again by evening as the heat of the sun decreases again.

Precipitation

Most often, stratocumulus produce no precipitation, and when they do, it is generally only light rain or snow. However, these clouds are often seen at either the front or tail end of worse weather, so they may indicate storms to come, in the form of thunderheads or gusty winds. They are also often seen underneath the cirrostratus and altostratus sheets that often precede a warm front, as these higher clouds decrease the sun's heat and therefore convection, causing any cumulus clouds to spread out into stratocumulus clouds.

Comparison with altocumulus

Stratocumulus clouds are similar in appearance to altocumulus and can be mistaken for such. A simple test to distinguish these is to compare the size of individual masses or rolls: when pointing one's hand in the direction of the cloud, if the cloud is about the size of the thumb, it is altocumulus; if it is the size of one's fist, it is stratocumulus.^[3] This often does not apply when stratocumulus is of a broken, fractus form, when it may appear as small as altocumulus.

Optical effects

Stratocumulus clouds are the main type of cloud that can produce crepuscular rays. Thin stratocumulus clouds are also often the cause of corona effects around the Moon at night. All stratocumulus subtypes are coded C_L5 except when formed from free convective mother clouds (C_L4) or when formed separately from co-existing (C_L8).

Formation

Stratocumulus clouds usually form from the rising and breakup of a stratus cloud.^[3]^[6] They can also form from altostratus and nimbostratus clouds, either as evaporating precipitation condenses into a cloud or as the nimbostratus cloud itself thins and breaks up. If a cumulus cloud becomes flattened (for example, by wind shear or temperature inversion), it too can become a stratocumulus cloud.^[6]

Species

Stratocumulus Stratiformis are extensive flat but slightly lumpy sheets that show only minimal convective activity.

Stratocumulus Lenticularis are separate flat elongated seed-shaped clouds. They are typical for polar countries or warmer climate during winter seasons. They also can be formed by winds passing hills or mountains, such as Foehn winds, and in this case they can be very regularly shaped.

Stratocumulus Castellanus have stronger convective activity due to the presence of increasingly unstable air. They are distinct from other stratocumulus by puffy tower-like formations atop the cloud layer.^[7] They look like cumulus congestus, but can be easily confused: "towers" of cumulus congestus grow above separate clouds, whereas in the case of stratocumulus castellanus, there is always a more or less defined layer of clouds. Stratocumulus castellanus may develop into cumulus congestus (and even further into cumulonimbus) under auspicious conditions. Any showers from stratocumulus castellanus are not usually as heavy as those from cumulus congestus.

Stratocumulus stratiformis
Stratocumulus lenticularis
Stratocumulus castellanus

Opacity-based varieties

Stratocumulus Opacus is a dark layer of clouds covering entire sky without any break. However, the cloud sheet is not completely uniform, so that separate cloud bases still can be seen. This is the main precipitating type, however any rain is usually light. If the cloud layer becomes grayer to the point when individual clouds cannot be distinguished, stratocumulus turn into stratus clouds.

Stratocumulus Perlucidus is a layer of stratocumulus clouds with small spaces, appearing in irregular pattern, through which clear sky or higher clouds can be seen.

Stratocumulus Translucidus consist of separate groups of stratocumulus clouds, with a clear sky (or higher clouds) visible between them. No precipitation in most cases.^[8]

Pattern-based varieties

Stratocumulus Undulatus clouds appear as nearly parallel waves, rolls or separate elongated clouds, without significant vertical development.^[8]

Stratocumulus Radiatus clouds appear as the same as stratocumulus undulatus, but stratocumulus undulatus move perpendicular to the wind shear, while stratocumulus radiatus move parallel to the wind shear.

Stratocumulus Duplicatus clouds appear as stratocumulus clouds with two or more layers or sheets. Stratocumulus duplicatus is common on species lenticularis or lenticular cloud.

Stratocumulus Lacunosus clouds are very uncommon. They only occur when there are localized downdrafts striking through the stratocumuliform cloud.

Stratocumulus undulatus clouds, seen from an airplane
Stratocumulus undulatus asperitas clouds, seen from Earth
Stratocumulus radiatus
Stratocumulus duplicatus; Stratocumulus stratiformis (right) and Stratocumulus floccus (left)
Stratocumulus lacunosus

Supplementary feature

Stratocumulus Mamma is a type of mammatus cloud.^[9]

Stratocumulus Asperitas is a rare, newly recognized supplementary feature that presents itself as chaotic, wavy undulations appearing in the base of a stratocumulus cloud cover. It is thought these clouds are formed by severe wind shear.

Stratocumulus Fluctus is also a rare, newly recognized supplementary feature in which short-lived "sea waves" form on top of a stratocumulus cloud, they are caused by wind speed and direction differences directly under and over the cloud.

Precipitation-based supplementary features

Stratocumulus Virga is a form of precipitation that evaporates in mid-air and doesn't reach the ground.

Stratocumulus Praecipitatio is a form of precipitation that reaches the ground as light rain or snow.

Stratocumulus stratiformis opacus radiatus praecipitatio

Mother clouds

Stratocumulus Cumulomutatus the specific type of stratocumulus clouds, are flat and elongated. They form in the evening, when updrafts caused by convection decrease making cumulus clouds lose vertical development and spread horizontally. They also can occur under altostratus cloud preceding a warm or occluded front, when cumulus usually lose vertical development as the sun's heat decreases. Like all other forms of stratocumulus apart from castellanus, they are also often found in anticyclones.

Stratocumulus Cumulogenitus out of cumulus or cumulonimbus clouds, disrupted by decreasing convection. During formation period, puffy tops of cumulus clouds can protrude from stratocumulus cumulogenitus for a relatively long time until they completely spread in horizontal direction. Stratocumulus cumulogenitus appear as lengthy sheet or as group of separate elongated cloud rolls or waves.

Hypothetical break-up

In 2019, a study employed a large eddy simulation model to estimate that equatorial stratocumulus clouds could break up and scatter when CO₂ levels rise above 1,200 ppm (almost three times higher than the current levels, and over 4 times greater than the preindustrial levels). The study estimated that this would cause a surface warming of about 8 °C (14 °F) globally and 10 °C (18 °F) in the subtropics, which would be in addition to at least 4 °C (7.2 °F) already caused by such CO₂ concentrations. In addition, stratocumulus clouds would not reform until the CO₂ concentrations drop to a much lower level.^[10] It was suggested that this finding could help explain past episodes of unusually rapid warming such as Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum^[11] In 2020, further work from the same authors revealed that in their large eddy simulation, this tipping point cannot be stopped with solar radiation modification: in a hypothetical scenario where very high CO₂ emissions continue for a long time but are offset with extensive solar radiation modification, the break-up of stratocumulus clouds is simply delayed until CO₂ concentrations hit 1,700 ppm, at which point it would still cause around 5 °C (9.0 °F) of unavoidable warming.^[12]

However, because large eddy simulation models are simpler and smaller-scale than the general circulation models used for climate projections, with limited representation of atmospheric processes like subsidence, this finding is currently considered speculative.^[13] Other scientists say that the model used in that study unrealistically extrapolates the behavior of small cloud areas onto all cloud decks, and that it is incapable of simulating anything other than a rapid transition, with some comparing it to "a knob with two settings".^[14] Additionally, CO₂ concentrations would only reach 1,200 ppm if the world follows Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5, which represents the highest possible greenhouse gas emission scenario and involves a massive expansion of coal infrastructure. In that case, 1,200 ppm would be passed shortly after 2100.^[13]

Sources

References

^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 39–42. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ "International cloud atlas–Definitions of clouds". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Stratocumulus clouds". Meteorological Office of the UK. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ Cohn et al. 2017, Section 2.3.7
^ "Ten Basic Clouds". JetStream. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b Cohn et al. 2017, Section 2.3.7.5
^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Species, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 17–20. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ ^a ^b World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Varieties, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). pp. 20–22. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Features, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 22–24. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
^ Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2019). "Possible climate transitions from breakup of stratocumulus decks under greenhouse warming". Nature Geoscience. 12 (3): 163–167. Bibcode:2019NatGe..12..163S. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0310-1. S2CID 134307699.
^ Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). "A World Without Clouds". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2020). "Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong warming from direct effects of CO₂ on stratocumulus cloud cover". PNAS. 117 (48): 30179–30185. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11730179S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2003730117. PMC 7720182. PMID 33199624.
^ ^a ^b "Extreme CO₂ levels could trigger clouds 'tipping point' and 8C of global warming". Carbon Brief. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
^ Voosen, Paul (February 26, 2019). "A world without clouds? Hardly clear, climate scientists say". Science Magazine.

Bibliography

Cohn, Stephen; Bruhn, Michael; Anderson, George; Atkinson, Roger; Campos, Marinés; Galati, Federico; Lovell, Ernest; Rae, Colleen; Rüedi, Isabelle; Tam, Kwong Hung; Thürig-Jenzer, Eliane; Trice, Jim (2017). International Cloud Atlas. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
Cesana, Grégory; Del Genio, Anthony; Chepfer, Hélène. "The Cumulus And Stratocumulus CloudSat-CALIPSO Dataset (CASCCAD)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 November 2023.

External links

[Stratocumulus-1] World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 39–42. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 28 November 2014.

[2] "International cloud atlas–Definitions of clouds". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 September 2018.

[metoffice-3] "Stratocumulus clouds". Meteorological Office of the UK. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[ICA-SC-4] Cohn et al. 2017, Section 2.3.7

[jetstream-5] "Ten Basic Clouds". JetStream. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 November 2023.

[ICA-SC-Formation-6] Cohn et al. 2017, Section 2.3.7.5

[Species-7] World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Species, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 17–20. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[Varieties-8] World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Varieties, International Cloud Atlas (PDF). pp. 20–22. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[Features-9] World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1975). Features, International Cloud Atlas. Vol. I. pp. 22–24. ISBN 92-63-10407-7. Retrieved 26 August 2014.

[10] Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2019). "Possible climate transitions from breakup of stratocumulus decks under greenhouse warming". Nature Geoscience. 12 (3): 163–167. Bibcode:2019NatGe..12..163S. doi:10.1038/s41561-019-0310-1. S2CID 134307699.

[11] Wolchover, Natalie (25 February 2019). "A World Without Clouds". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

[12] Schneider, Tapio; Kaul, Colleen M.; Pressel, Kyle G. (2020). "Solar geoengineering may not prevent strong warming from direct effects of CO₂ on stratocumulus cloud cover". PNAS. 117 (48): 30179–30185. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11730179S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2003730117. PMC 7720182. PMID 33199624.

[Cloud_feedback_CB-13] "Extreme CO₂ levels could trigger clouds 'tipping point' and 8C of global warming". Carbon Brief. 25 February 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2022.

[14] Voosen, Paul (February 26, 2019). "A world without clouds? Hardly clear, climate scientists say". Science Magazine.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]